{"id":7616,"date":"2020-12-21T14:37:36","date_gmt":"2020-12-21T13:37:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/dum-z-pruhledneho-dreva-nebo-z-hub-seznamte-se-se-stavebnimi-materialy-budoucnosti\/"},"modified":"2020-12-21T14:37:36","modified_gmt":"2020-12-21T13:37:36","slug":"dum-z-pruhledneho-dreva-nebo-z-hub-seznamte-se-se-stavebnimi-materialy-budoucnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/dum-z-pruhledneho-dreva-nebo-z-hub-seznamte-se-se-stavebnimi-materialy-budoucnosti\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u016fm z pr\u016fhledn\u00e9ho d\u0159eva nebo z hub? Seznamte se se stavebn\u00edmi materi\u00e1ly budoucnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010clov\u011bk by m\u011bl pocit, \u017ee se v\u00a0oblasti stavebn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f v\u016fbec nic ned\u011bje. B\u011bhem tis\u00edc\u016f let v\u00fdvoje lidsk\u00fdch obydl\u00ed ke kameni a d\u0159evu p\u0159ibylo p\u00e1r vymo\u017eenost\u00ed, jako jsou p\u00e1len\u00e9 cihly, beton, sklo a ocel, ale jinak stavebnictv\u00ed neza\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 takov\u00fd p\u0159ekotn\u00fd rozvoj jako \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch obor\u016f. Opak je v\u0161ak pravdou. P\u0159i bli\u017e\u0161\u00edm pohledu tak z\u00e1jemce zjist\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bdci a v\u00fdrobci postupn\u011b nejen zdokonaluj\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed obl\u00edben\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, ale p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed i materi\u00e1ly zcela nov\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Je libo nezni\u010diteln\u00fd \u010di sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00ed beton?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0materi\u00e1l\u016f, na kter\u00fd se soust\u0159ed\u00ed pozornost \u0159ady v\u00fdzkum\u016f, je beton. Tento kompozitn\u00ed materi\u00e1l se v\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b do\u010dkal \u0159ady vylep\u0161en\u00ed. P\u0159ed \u010dty\u0159mi lety si mexick\u00fd v\u011bdec Carlos Rubio Avalos nechal patentovat fotoaktivn\u00ed beton, kter\u00fd um\u00ed b\u011bhem dne pohlcovat sv\u011btlo a v\u00a0noci ho pak vyza\u0159uje. Avalos tohoto efektu dos\u00e1hl p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm fotoaktivn\u00ed l\u00e1tky. Velkou v\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee beton funguje i ve dnech, kdy nesv\u00edt\u00ed slunce, proto\u017ee absorbuje UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed prostupuj\u00edc\u00ed mraky. A\u010dkoliv mu n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u00eddaj\u00ed velkou budoucnost, proto\u017ee by vy\u0159e\u0161il osv\u011btlen\u00ed v\u00a0m\u00edstech, kde nen\u00ed elekt\u0159ina, nebo zv\u00fd\u0161il bezpe\u010dnost no\u010dn\u00edho je\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed na silnic\u00edch i cyklostezk\u00e1ch, jeho prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed brzd\u00ed zejm\u00e9na cena. Je toti\u017e a\u017e p\u011btkr\u00e1t dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00fd beton.<\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Odborn\u00edci se zam\u011b\u0159ili i na odolnost betonu. Beton pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd nyn\u00ed v\u00a0\u010dase st\u00e1rne a s\u00a0\u00fanavou materi\u00e1lu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k\u00a0jeho prask\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di drolen\u00ed. V\u011bdci se sna\u017e\u00ed t\u011bmto jev\u016fm p\u0159edej\u00edt a vytvo\u0159it takov\u00fd kompozit, kter\u00fd odol\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edzni po\u010das\u00ed i dlouhodob\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei. Nap\u0159\u00edklad na slavn\u00e9m Massachusettsk\u00e9m technologick\u00e9m institutu (zkr\u00e1cen\u011b MIT) se p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2016\/finding-new-formula-for-concrete-0526\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho betonu<\/a> inspiruj\u00ed organick\u00fdmi strukturami. Za vzor jim poslou\u017eily lidsk\u00e9 kosti, mu\u0161le \u010di mo\u0159sk\u00e9 houby. V\u011bdci doufaj\u00ed, \u017ee d\u00edky v\u00fdzkumu identifikuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 nov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 by v\u00a0budoucnu mohly b\u00fdt udr\u017eitelnou a odolnou n\u00e1hradou za beton, na jeho\u017e v\u00fdrobu je nutn\u00e9 vynalo\u017eit velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jin\u00fd sm\u011brem se pak vydali jejich kolegov\u00e9 pracuj\u00edc\u00ed na chytr\u00e9m <u>s<\/u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/248356909_Permeability_and_self-healing_of_cracked_concrete_as_a_function_of_temperature_and_crack_width\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ebeobnovuj\u00edc\u00edm se betonu,<\/a> kter\u00fd p\u0159i vhodn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch dok\u00e1\u017ee praskliny s\u00e1m zacelit.<\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pr\u016fhledn\u00e9 d\u0159evo jako n\u00e1hrada skla<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dal\u0161\u00edm zaj\u00edmav\u00fdm modern\u00edm materi\u00e1lem je bezesporu pr\u016fhledn\u00e9 d\u0159evo. Odoln\u00e1 varianta plastu a skla, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 lep\u0161\u00ed vodivost, a nav\u00edc poch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, by mohla b\u00fdt vyu\u017eiteln\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0polopr\u016fhledn\u00fdch fas\u00e1d\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Autorstv\u00ed tohoto alternativn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.damnmagazine.net\/product\/kth-transparent-wood\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Larsovi Berglundovi<\/a> ze stockholmsk\u00e9ho Royal Institute of Technology. Pr\u016fhledn\u00e9ho d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho kompozitu dos\u00e1hl odstran\u011bn\u00edm barviva zvan\u00e9ho lignin. Ten n\u00e1sledn\u011b naradil speci\u00e1ln\u00edm polymerem, aby d\u0159evo nep\u0159i\u0161lo o sv\u00e9 vlastnosti. P\u0159i tlou\u0161\u0165ce d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 desky 1 milimetr se Berglundovi poda\u0159ilo dos\u00e1hnout transparentnosti a\u017e p\u011btaosmdes\u00e1t procent.<\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Supertenk\u00fd uhl\u00edk pevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ocel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asi m\u00e1lokter\u00fd materi\u00e1l vyvolal mezi v\u011bdci po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b takov\u00fd rozruch jako grafen. Tenk\u00e1 uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 vrstva, kterou Andre Geim a Konstantin Novoselov roce 2004 objevili s\u00a0pomoc\u00ed lepic\u00ed p\u00e1sky, jim v\u00a0roce 2010 p\u0159inesla Nobelovu cenu za fyziku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00a0ide\u00e1ln\u00ed podob\u011b je grafen tvo\u0159en jedinou vrstvou atom\u016f uhl\u00edku, kter\u00e9 jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny do \u0161esti\u00faheln\u00edk\u016f. Je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za jeden z\u00a0nejpevn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je v\u0161ak velmi lehk\u00fd a vodiv\u00ed. V\u011bdci ho za\u010dali p\u0159id\u00e1vat nap\u0159\u00edklad do betonu a vytvo\u0159ili takzvan\u00fd grafeton. Tedy kombinaci betonu a grafenu. Experimentuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 s\u00a0jeho vyu\u017eit\u00edm na m\u00edsto oceli. Grafen je toti\u017e a\u017e desetkr\u00e1t pevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ocel, ale m\u00e1 pouh\u00fdch p\u011bt procent jej\u00ed hmotnosti.<\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Domy z\u00a0ob\u0159\u00edch hub<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"\" class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010cesko, jako n\u00e1rod v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fdch houba\u0159\u016f, by mohlo ocenit snahy v\u011bdc\u016f zapojit do stavebnictv\u00ed i houby. Krom\u011b odborn\u00edk\u016f z\u00a0holandsk\u00e9 univerzity v\u00a0Utrechtu se my\u0161lenkou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/these-researchers-want-to-build-a-liveable-fungus-megastructure\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vyu\u017e\u00edvat houby jako stavebn\u00ed<\/a> materi\u00e1l zab\u00fdv\u00e1 i americk\u00e1 NASA. Velk\u00fd potenci\u00e1l vid\u00ed v\u011bdci v\u00a0tom, \u017ee houby mohou m\u00edt strukturu podobnou d\u0159evu i mnohem m\u011bk\u010d\u00ed a por\u00e9zn\u00ed. Nav\u00edc by stavebn\u00ed materi\u00e1l s\u00e1m rostl a byl schopn\u00fd se opravovat. Houbov\u00e1 m\u011bsta by tak byla dokonal\u00fdm udr\u017eiteln\u00fdm ekosyst\u00e9mem.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Pr\u016fhledn\u00e9 d\u0159evo, sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00ed beton nebo materi\u00e1l desetkr\u00e1t pevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ocel. Materi\u00e1lov\u00ed v\u011bdci po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b neust\u00e1le posouvaj\u00ed hranice mo\u017en\u00e9ho. Vylep\u0161uj\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed materi\u00e1ly a sna\u017e\u00ed se naj\u00edt nov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 by takov\u00e9 klasiky jako cihlu, beton a d\u0159evo um\u011bly zcela nahradit. Jak\u00e9 novinky bychom mohli v\u00a0budoucnu ve stavebnictv\u00ed vid\u011bt? <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7202,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7616","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7616"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7616\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7202"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wachal.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}